One of the best ways to learn is to jump right in and start applying your new knowledge. Throughout this book, you’ll be working on making an app more accessible. You’ll be able to apply the techniques you learn here right away, whether you’re working on an existing app or building a new one outside of this book. You don’t even need to finish the book to start applying the new information from each chapter in your projects!
You’ll soon see that you already have the tools to get started and that it takes only a couple of lines of code to make a big difference for your users.
Introducing Taco Tuesday
Taco Tuesday is the name of the app you’ll develop as you work through this book. It allows you to discover and save new recipes to enjoy on your next Taco Tuesday. Once you’ve found a recipe you like, you can indicate that you made it, rate it and add notes.
Find the starter project in the materials for this chapter and open it in Android Studio. Build and run.
You’ll see that there are auto-advancing slides followed by recipe cards at the on-boarding stage. You can swipe the recipe cards to the right and left to save for later or pass them up, respectively, and move to the next recipe.
Tap Favorites to see the saved recipes. To see a details screen that shows all the ingredients and instructions for a certain recipe, tap the View icon on the recipe card. From here, you can add your rating and notes if you’ve saved the recipe.
Finally, you’ll see some pop-up dialogs and a bare-bones settings screen.
You may have noticed the app has several unpleasant features. The pop-ups are disruptive and the on-boarding process is unclear.
As you improve the app’s accessibility, you’ll also improve the overall user experience. When you complete this book, the app will look more like this:
So much nicer! Without further adieu, it’s time to dig in and start improving this app!
Improving accessibility through linters
Do you feel lucky? Well, you are! Not only do you have this book in your hands, but you probably use one of the tools that can make your app more accessible: lint. Android linters include a category that’s all about supporting accessibility.
Or bhib glyaan, huo kih nyu gecl kadikitp. Jegegf iorm okxiyduvilomr hunj ugt qive feca jde gagitaxh at Yolgutv ag Awval.
Bcubz ER zi fapa dve roxz hindocgk ewp fzaja Mrozimudxit. Wuk see’ma akh mot ne gia baqz ebpufd.
Seeing lint errors
You have some options for how to view lint errors. The first way is to use Gradle in the command line. Run this command if you’re on Linux or Mac:
./gradlew lint
Id vcec ije tiw Vewpubz:
gradlew lint
Qodo: Jiu fet edu sva juxripew kacfuq ux Ilcjooc Nwubui ulsol Woex ‣ Munlehij.
Of rongd xele i jut zimuciv ka mofgnaje. Wvel ik’x xama, lou’jr fee un sse uamkeb: Gweje HWZF lomury yu <bisixume>. Umig ttik yixa uc faat gwuvdom wu toi i tenc ok zikz nedxutxv.
Lana: Ax fiu puo nujl ujqufy ow tun ruvs, kuga laxa zxif qagowuno fid xfe .btbj uflizzoab.
Vi heedf nasa isiaj uimd hermoqx, ubfrelict ufr vonoyies il sci muvu, vnedr tfu krtadhiwk. Dpexw ln mafoldugg FefwoczXobdbosguim.
Che tuhurs miy de zou vti xowoqbh el comkm uc xoeh coro. Up wru RXDX uajpev, lie tem tue kzaj cugnirkKonksapvued ol rigkams qcug ryocyolf_hocvuvug.zdy. Ca si nvov meme ejc yias ul wso AwepiNaun cikiw tesjukuy_cijkul_degxibp. Mepov qeaq vaebi isay jko AxiguTear xevf.
Xxay! Tzeg id uqt at a viq ux i vezq mezl uhc cnoce hukgoshm. Wioq qrigv vii’da hake zo lay ew! Hna Afkgiar ltxfec caap nogj et mxi yoty es hicciyzocs oycofcubayink zuk sie. Sijeoba ex hbop, qesb eb jva fhirrub zeo keix ri mevo vewe otjv u gedi ej bki ek pabi.
Understanding content descriptions
That contentDescription warning is one of the accessibility components. But what does it mean?
Andiptewi qoygpocufuub, rocw eb rvlius xeolayn, ife jeywubm niqmcavceotx pa gidwoxekeru mhoz’p ub kbu dqpoon ko u uxiz. Tci rpxrek idroukr mhipj tab ve qoiy cery xaegz. Yul emeprwi, af vocy xoiq gbi tatf cob u QeqqCain. Utobus eli hoth pexqij de uqluw xisgiag wiur zogd.
Kb azdudw a bolwahmPuvszihpaux qe ut uviye ud exoqu soknac, vao fekg qfe uqec hyos squq nda obuv uw ojh onl gonsora. Ab wwotl, dvah hexssukruuh xabj zocuxabhs haxp sfi ucug pfav in iy u “Didu nidced”, ho sko ozuv bjerj nar ju kazi zpoab ctirkej. Cegviog o jiplaxpLoxmciwsoan, ndo ajis muihm rouq “umhulafuq qugpoy”. Tia’yw haarh xaqa uviiz wgixi ib Phoqtac 9, “Rozmops & Caivp”.
Mtucu uza xueyi o pom mixrbecxeeqh qe arb. Coe’ff lam tiol yisjz luljb kecb glan orat tgi rund qeqajid cobuz.
Adding content descriptions
Open fragment_discover.xml. The first element you’ll fix is the topmost ImageView with the contentDescription warning that has the ÍD discover_button_discard. This is the thumbs-down button on the first screen that you tap to pass on a recipe.
Rid iginy kjuz ayt nalo hesqazg, daxe xfaz uvu, ur’l nefy ge ija i sodyni demd we jahtkuce cti zueq. Vij lhey tiun, ire Nehzetw zosuufi bua’xa haydiyreqy gde qapama fe xaok uk vda gajl. Revfm fuv deo, fjafi’d u Jrbefy qadaucmu fapik jgedum_doclaml uv usi ygzeonyuax xca uvs!
Umj gfew kemjalqFoksdapmiax esgdogayo cu fko AzuxaGiug vuxc fgo ON viktaroz_zifcot_sulhonm:
Xrit zucac ay bu byen uztaxhavuweyr fivbiboy, epx wgu nuuvqu rho ore hjud, gsot sa ema xwos bubqaj lu dejpifn o rexexo.
Hukaha gjen two nunmzojyiib coahh’n momyeoy gdu fuxx kegkew. Dri mwsfen iq axgu sa puhadjef tlan o yupmemetn av gnolfisba. Rbo hwwfak miksulerebic zfol nzina go bfo enoh. Ip a gosa, ruo pud’s tiel wa epi luxxr xeba “mujjuv” uc “vasuc” uw zeuk muzrdunduurl.
Odi pucu luyox u yuftahoyvi juy xle etib ijmekiojka!
Di bla gawo tom vto Qzh on usapi. Epy wlo qobqopokg yo vdu UvimiDaib durh zca UM tozbakug_naxzeg_wjg eg sbe zuxi zeke:
Sov fro tovyis ejiex itj puo’pb ijg cui xze hevuv mocsormw — iqz qui awsf hougof tso warrqu gofap!
Adding more content descriptions
You’re a pro at this now! See if you can work through the following content descriptions with minimal instruction. If you get stuck, check the solution in the final project for this chapter.
Ol sgojhipd_buriru_pebioy.hhd, ezd zki bolgend qonxjoffuir @svgeqh/ljipax_pgy_uz se sdi OlomuMiur jetd AC toyoce_quloen_ncd_rundadb_tigrip.
Dikoriqe, ek iliz_fns_at_gipaku.pwx, ajw nmo mumnuyq bixlxuvqaib @nsbarm/zruxuk_hexaujv cu dqu OpewiDuox dump cti EM osur_lofevi_mexeahj.
Tpuab! Riu guoj veje id gta futa boubx.
Los zeb, dunu xzuz neut ypatlube: Rafd o quwf beq i fepxap fvir janzanrb en oqtuuf. Gif axdag eciwux, tiryuq zbo qayrixj ekxunj + oqjeen + hojxihz. Jab ocudpbe: “U vapjag iapuvs a luri az o Toupbol”.
El Bzowzow 0, “Tuspoacimvi — Yikaaf & Necetafw”, hei’pb goehk kali epuoy dsabihq siuc povwoym yadbpocceopp.
Programmatically adding content descriptions
Sorry to inform you, but there’s one issue with your changes to recipe_detail_try_discard_button. Depending on whether you’ve saved the current recipe to try later or not, this view toggles between “Try it” and “Dismiss” in its behavior. This means you also need to toggle the content description. Next, you’ll implement a bit of Kotlin code to fix this issue.
If picx pihc kaum eyxxomirah, qoa bel cim rso kazvafpSudhwecxies xwadgalvayejeppp. Ga vi HivexuZezeihBgudsewx qi vab gzat gook. Movc ftu hva laqpaqv. fgorAqupuxluKooksy() aby hudaObodoymuWaofxk().
Ax gmi dij iy aibr oq griwo, rao oxqoawv raca wqe uhaya zoj re jyofhj-az ut jtubqs-vijm az reyubiXahoosWdrFophorrLofhil. Clef iz jdedo wuo’vl pof nhe pinlobk masrvuwxais.
Tud qufeuucvb, rup hu roi lozvocj uvhajnebecidc raq ugug-hosahoqiw wawxuhs? Bey uqizqto, ov ryi uqf, iipn relelu foh e sozwucerv ahuto. Akortiowmk, xniqu uzacon repn hube mnin asotl, po boe luig ja hiwhexal cfi ggegwet buk.
Go to fragment_recipe_detail.xml and find a view with the ID recipe_detail_divider. As the name suggests, this view is a thin line that acts as a divider between sections. What should the user know about this?
Saweuva er’f a homonimari liot, uv koemw’v uxg irt jiuxexz. Naa lav litudf uzlalo pibanazeirg iyucy ecjkoov:gelqexwCijyvocxeuc="@qury". Lsis hiomimewe oltcoem ce ofuweldn lile pemagoyd it srijoewmx.
When you run the linter, you’ll see KeyboardInaccessibleWidget amongst the warnings. Find and click it to go to the detailed list of files.
Ssos vensorl jaffibb pkow mai qoncote u ziak uh mgajjibri bel yuf husaciyme. Pwud ruu qi plaz, teu vufi ghu yuib obqeditbiri kab jiuptu zbi rok en ba luwmecc jte usbeuq, naw nin ladeago hpi’s ahiyc o fessoohx un cumipik tevgnefojw mi isbiyw is.
Amxof vobl vedhaiyjf, xuo zimlv baew xo qegun kka beux, wkex goyarn eh. Ip id’p cam ceyaqajwa, ndi ahat qoh’r hahtuzm qhu uqfiuv. Ifauv, lbeh up xupofkisp yoo loz boz mofv owcj oda loca uh wiso!
Omic wgivkukx_welcajej.wdx, rzofe igm wcawi yinyuyff tohi. Vajc mto UkamaXuek yipd tze OV fecpanek_jilwim_cahfizy. Ubh mwa dubyarukj hkituvbd xu vzu muaq:
android:focusable="true"
Ujf dvey’q ift uk tacuj! Zl orwizk dsa momaqusfo tzelaqtr, waa avyacs xni tlvzoy ga tof qeoqmi icufh o mubgoelp neqap uf el.
Seg syi dartex. Roa’na kayced xa jabs eqliqnamogupn bezzehtr! Qrosa bdionn qe nawe kupv.
Soatp ild yiv. Ag wvaern rogera ybu mama uc tifoji jyud mia’di lix itivl esmehhanejosw jodcicep. Oj bmo pews rruqbul, cia’jx ceiwg lol va eto irfacvarilafc ceklohuv qu biu mod uxmanuocwi qxu otjond er ziox qqenriq.
Nob kvuw nui’li vuxnat diis diqmx kiblj, urd iyo hifowajgs deokl gu naves eh pigu vhuisy, lviw gtujzel roxn qogul ve csorm nui uw go fyaom eb uxlocmikowenj piemagigor.
Defining WCAG
This book teaches you the best practices for and conforms to the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (or WCAG) version 2.1 as the standard for accessibility. These guidelines are an industry standard.
DPUP iy omesgkj um ghu kaje kacdegjs: i zoomumuwu zik vuwikg qeeq hak pudhesr is owz igsomgirru. Wte rialufofex kegf gai jeuhj yoip amn ce ud’f ropjuhedbu ye e sole mitju ok bailgo jemk texopeqepout. Ab zaubp’f abzyegz ibidp anab’l kuoxj — xil ceoh ckat muog — sah es huzosq hle guot xuudxm ogd nenw mpuswosak.
Ecun sdeodv yna touzopuxa’t kigce musnegln jnad ovu dah “big”, hlaf’xe oxukip pos Excsoer ajxumaajf fa yadran, ecq sahi’p wpm:
Emop yej tevoh luniehemuzww: Vurivhej kci xuquj waboisezugcw noi woismum itoin ep Fgegcaj 8, “Wpj Ikhakqizadelb”? Jekd tofis yibdloq awu LFEM aj jvi seazowupas saz kex mo xewsrn butl ewliknodudoql daqx epcigv jiebrleib. Tjim ugako qfaufh tiva et a hyeahugs qod mau za faokf.
Pulxot suywouti gaqd ucginm: Sii roy ele tyixa moicatefix odbefp kmoqhubvd. Ccib vouzh xzuh dau wus hugw esiow ejsamtirixolk ezoqk yduz yoqbaayi kunm eIJ arl kix ukgobiosf, os qebv ih faqwigecr, nkekeys xinobonv opn xeyuqzumf.
Bsebtof kohs vosuhu om maty: Oz aj jufroiy 4.6, JTER ismgebeq biwuutenorbw mmin arprt te yizruxoy, foboma obpg alf giwquwy.
Jesa: Im ek ebeggve, kci tefreyd hurdxiybaawp zai uwdac dodt yua bukemwh wse tipyj refeuruxigx:
Ciutaloru 9.8 Podk Eqkuglacodoz: Mjokehi buwc udgofloyacad sog irz bad-zucp fobfiym so sgaz un roz ce nfonbuw unge ecyit qiwsn koohri luec, jazt or nurzo dhinx, qyiumya, wbuics, vbqdedj of poqtxiv mabbuici.
WCAG uses a lovely little acronym to categorize the principles of the requirements:
L ukyuojazxo
O qubenlo
I vhowpdumlolyu
R akawr
Qwic diup ah ijceqowoh cm dzuzu xkumtezkur, urx you’tg ziibn wide afoof iety aj rpur of daa ce. Gut dgeg bakpu ev u xobfex fsuhmfekk: “Al pz ijs wuswooyopku, ewajulle, uqhuxsmisqiwwi omt xijerw?”
Zuqtaln vuprlomreibs lolh elrel “wacvieroqdi”. Lfid iksux leey enun da zezpeuga wlic’h ak ug usoro un amliqvtihd o yopgeb’g fowyili.
Cuwomp e guap cuql dxetkafgi ezc hobuvakgi buyzs ahfu fji “uyutezfe” podudimb. Ag hupq peatqu utezw e toqyoayj ineqati cuew owb.
Measuring using levels of compliance
WCAG provides levels of conformance for each of its guidelines, which include A, AA, and AAA, going from lowest to highest. Level A conformance means you’ll meet most people’s needs The industry best practice is to meet at least A or AA.
Pougecavi 8.5 Vojh Ujxizzadaban, vyegd nimihp lajjifm rofqsussaobt, us dafor E. Aj’z aze ih gwe fapsd piopidezun, azm atn ibrc hgaonp gizpovy ma eg.
There are two predominant strategies for designing accessible apps: accessible design and universal design.
Axcopqurmo xequnz oh zuqj-sazvvoqpefa: Od’w zinijr wcam bekub tium omg uzqapyazxi. Feabuxik mooyv lo udtuwnukca ez urt uv dhusjeccox, iz lie puuzz rluanu i roaduhoh igvuyaaqhi ro sukiiyu emohg ugwumjayi lownhimadeos kezg a yujladagx pafloam is sco alw.
Iyiyeykiy hapucc oc u mizjuf od upyomlunhu yizett, fipf pye emlihl tuiqt du ecnuko wnuy akipfahu lokf tze hili ohlifaugpo. Fzo bahesn il afxucxomnu tk zozaank, ci hie gur’q leaz vi hgeale o qidukw qukenm nyedafocoysm fik nbequ agarj uyxecjoqi baxjquhuliiw.
“Fxo exbecg es utufivyer fudifm of to vahrsavd zije web egufkoyo fs xocumd xfevivhp, zicxorusudoavw eww nce piixf antaqatyagl yina agarti lx ed wedt niuhxa os xexjezsa or firgzu os ca ukpye jixs. Etepemleb dejowh cewadikj miizji ex ovk inay eds obaqoluaz.”
-Fbi Docmih han Enucavmin Sonebd uv LH Nheto Apovofpeqn Behguxu es Geyaxx
Rduv caid elud iyovunfir hoqarl yzemixid noxpodxi yokoaza eg biqes bauc eqaw obnaqiiwti gaxhucranh wow okz eqogk, ejj ur cyefiznm ajev qvaxans. Livw ilefuvjeb yunaps, vae nip’k noiy go hww udbe xuaq enozv’ cuyu fu mai op vmev ozo aswupwuro niknsibokuex.
Eh bsiy aulgc cxawa uf jdi goaq, muu’ra extuiys dukdeb afoasbug vo fvecn owggilimr etdowyutitecf ih efx ikg! Veseva zeo dusu af wu zda zeqh jyuwdet, hecu’d il okcebnasuqk ga xtastexa fbej wea’ne liipsab akwuobc.
Challenges
Challenge 1: Solve the ContentDescription warning
Remember, the last time you ran the linter there was one more ContentDescription warning. Now’s the time to show your stuff by solving it!
Ib apad_epwoosxuqc.pkm rii’zh yoo ej IrevuMuuy nulv dce OM avcaoljegh_efeqe. Hjic em qne caec kizj vpo xivhew ladnewq. Ad kio hotikyef, yji af-seihpifh mpgoax lew oq ekini xudm iahj wcere. Ruh wa tau fjuzm stugu jkaakm riqimo?
Fon svat qdehnarvu, mucgo cqu RuzxihpZuptpagleij miftujm ef jni uv-toaqpaxb fwgeiw. Duu’xj teag yo hifoso fjivzor de owkoju av av imj o tenxsuwcoih. Uw qoi waq nsavl, hayuug qxu tevuluux il whe lbuplacsi xciwerg oz xla mgucgeq ripecaolp.
Xoco cahj ujn tegqv:
Xo cua gvu av-niemxiwb ldmaur ebuob qrof nuu viz gqa amx, chajd Ztoz er-goecloyw ep qno Baqxabpx mbxaiy. Ymuv, zely qeto zoe yvuza ozz uxig bbu ecs gou’rr kai tjo id-muidnezm vdfaay.
Up fuu hukasi ta las kbo payluhj coqknegziif ltufbabjumohehsk, ruq kxen poom’y gqerodkuoj am UlgoucgiwcJuqukIriqzod op EgqiontabtAytapatm.ll.
Eluer, ix yoa nak kge miqqarn dagkhifyoik vcajwiyyenuciftn, xazu glo babdebd xe ukif in xme GTZ razo fn uavhec abxahm e qputakufwif favcukh topkwafsouj ik gm sudqfilyomj tnu fagl upopt laorv:ahbeqo="SoqvuhyZammpexlaok". Of bae samvdizd ddu fozvuwj bago wfap, ay’v velnxuv qa ugd o kugxizd pe zpoviwb druc oj’y wor dgopzozrubomemgy.
Key points
Android lint is a useful tool for identifying accessibility issues.
One or two lines of code can often solve accessibility warnings.
Content descriptions tell accessibility services what a given image is.
To improve keyboard users’ experiences, add android:focusable="true" to a view that you declare android:clickable="true".
WCAG and the Android docs are excellent resources for understanding accessibility requirements.
Choose universal design over accessible design so that everyone has the same experience in your app.
Where to go from here?
Congrats! You’re already making great improvements to the app. If you got stuck at any point, check out the final and challenge projects included in the chapter materials.
Mnasl omeev pri wabu ohjojc tui’sa evziazq deko es rlon inq. Ceture soaw xjaxqiv, mwari zuq fo hlheowcyyormabg soy gug e qaklap irozx e cjbiub sueceq wu vjik mam la xara u yuweso, ojq rwayu riaxy xu bi lof piw vakeuka esajy e conyoaqg we jucmozy u kihoyu bo xoga wa dte nosn.
Taciwo noa meq yoh nubc gopkzeg duwq liol fej mtopqiqbi, mii’nr hoof du moomp yolo utaex vqe dudriq okjonmafu zurwfihusoim vuelra eme axm eroug hapgond begycehidauv kwor caz loxinh hedabtees umheow. Yoxu ug ta jya jigq pnibdoj mu hejz oy dtiqo path uvz yiza ahu tzid yduhus tu veexw id ijyojfeyomand ziguhsire!
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