22.
Conventions & Operator Overloading
Written by Irina Galata
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Kotlin is known for its conciseness and expressiveness, which allows you to do more while using less code. Support for user-defined operator overloading is one of the features that gives Kotlin, and many other programming languages, this ability. In this chapter, you’ll learn how to efficiently manipulate data by overloading operators.
What is operator overloading?
Operator overloading is primarily syntactic sugar, and it allows you to use various operators, like those used in mathematical calculations (e.g., +, -, *, +=, >=, etc.) with your custom-defined data types. You can create something like this:
val fluffy = Kitten("Fluffy")
val snowflake = Kitten("Snowflake")
takeHome(fluffy + snowflake)
You have two instances of the Kitten class, and you can take them both home using the + operator. Isn’t that nice?
Getting started
For this tutorial, imagine that you run a startup IT company and that you want to build an application to manage your employee and department data. The starter project for this chapter has shell classes for Company, Department and Employee. To start, add a list of departments to your Company class:
class Company(val name: String) {
private val departments: ArrayList<Department> = arrayListOf()
}
class Department(val name: String) {
val employees: ArrayList<Employee> = arrayListOf()
}
class Employee(val company: Company, val name: String, var salary: Int)
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
// your company
val company = Company("MyOwnCompany")
// departments
val developmentDepartment = Department("Development")
val qaDepartment = Department("Quality Assurance")
val hrDepartment = Department("Human Resources")
// employees
var Julia = Employee(company, "Julia", 100_000)
var John = Employee(company, "John", 86_000)
var Peter = Employee(company, "Peter", 100_000)
var Sandra = Employee(company, "Sandra", 75_000)
var Thomas = Employee(company, "Thomas", 73_000)
var Alice = Employee(company, "Alice", 70_000)
var Bernadette = Employee(company, "Bernadette", 66_000)
var Mark = Employee(company, "Mark", 66_000)
}
Using conventions
The ability to use overloaded operators in Kotlin is an example of what’s called a convention. In Kotlin, a convention is an agreement in which you declare and use a function in a specific way, and the prototypical example is being able to use the function with an operator.
Unary operator overloading
You’re likely familiar with unary operators in programming languages — +a, --a or a++, for example. If you want to use an increment operator like ++ on your custom data type, you need to declare the inc() function as a member of your class, either inside the class or as an extension function. Here, you’ll create a function to give your employees a raise. Add the following function to your Employee class:
operator fun inc(): Employee {
salary += 5000
println("$name got a raise to $$salary")
return this
}
++Julia // now Julia's salary is 105_000
Julia = Julia.inc();
operator fun dec(): Employee {
salary -= 5000
println("$name's salary decreased to $$salary")
return this
}
--Peter // now Peter's salary is 95_000
Binary operator overloading
Similarly, you can use binary operators to combine your custom data types with other values in some kind of meaningful way. An example for our Employee class is for employee raises and pay cuts of a specified amount.
operator fun plusAssign(increaseSalary: Int) {
salary += increaseSalary
println("$name got a raise to $$salary")
}
operator fun minusAssign(decreaseSalary: Int) {
salary -= decreaseSalary
println("$name's salary decreased to $$salary")
}
Mark += 2500
Alice -= 2000
Mark.plusAssign(2500);
Alice.minusAssign(2000);
operator fun plusAssign(department: Department) {
departments.add(department)
}
operator fun minusAssign(department: Department) {
departments.remove(department)
}
operator fun plusAssign(employee: Employee) {
employees.add(employee)
println("${employee.name} hired to $name department")
}
operator fun minusAssign(employee: Employee) {
if (employees.contains(employee)) {
employees.remove(employee)
println("${employee.name} fired from $name department")
}
}
company += developmentDepartment
company += qaDepartment
company += hrDepartment
developmentDepartment += Julia
developmentDepartment += John
developmentDepartment += Peter
qaDepartment += Sandra
qaDepartment += Thomas
qaDepartment += Alice
hrDepartment += Bernadette
hrDepartment += Mark
qaDepartment -= Thomas
company.plusAssign(developmentDepartment);
company.plusAssign(qaDepartment);
company.plusAssign(hrDepartment);
developmentDepartment.plusAssign(Julia);
developmentDepartment.plusAssign(John);
developmentDepartment.plusAssign(Peter);
qaDepartment.plusAssign(Sandra);
qaDepartment.plusAssign(Thomas);
qaDepartment.plusAssign(Alice);
hrDepartment.plusAssign(Bernadette);
hrDepartment.plusAssign(Mark);
qaDepartment.minusAssign(Thomas);
Handling collections
Operator overloading is also quite helpful for when working with collections. For example, if you want to be able to access an employee by its index within a department, declare the following get() operator function in the Department class:
operator fun get(index: Int): Employee? {
return if (index < employees.size) {
employees[index]
} else {
null
}
}
val firstEmployee = qaDepartment[0]
qaDepartment[0]?.plusAssign(1000)
operator fun set(index: Int, employee: Employee) {
if (index < employees.size) {
employees[index] = employee
}
}
qaDepartment[1] = Thomas
operator fun contains(employee: Employee) = employees.contains(employee)
if (Thomas !in qaDepartment) {
println("${Thomas.name} no longer works here")
}
Adding ranges
You can also get a list of employees in a given range using the .. operator. To implement such functionality, first define how to sort the employee list so that you always get the same result from this operator.
data class Employee(val company: Company,
val name: String, var salary: Int) : Comparable<Employee> {
...
override operator fun compareTo(other: Employee): Int {
return when (other) {
this -> 0
else -> name.compareTo(other.name)
}
}
}
class Department(val name: String = "Department") : Iterable<Employee> {
...
override fun iterator() = employees.iterator()
}
developmentDepartment.forEach {
// do something
}
val allEmployees: List<Employee>
get() = arrayListOf<Employee>().apply {
departments.forEach { addAll(it.employees) }
sort()
}
operator fun rangeTo(other: Employee): List<Employee> {
val currentIndex = company.allEmployees.indexOf(this)
val otherIndex = company.allEmployees.indexOf(other)
// start index cannot be larger or equal to the end index
if (currentIndex >= otherIndex) {
return emptyList()
}
// get all elements in a list from currentIndex to otherIndex
return company.allEmployees.slice(currentIndex..otherIndex)
}
print((Alice..Mark).joinToString { it.name }) // prints "Alice, Bernadette, John, Julia, Mark"
Operator overloading and Java
Unlike Kotlin, Java doesn’t support user-defined operator overloading. However, the + operator is actually overloaded in standard Java; you not only use it to sum two numbers but also to concatenate strings:
String a = "a";
String b = "b";
System.out.print(a + b); // prints "ab"
Delegated properties as conventions
In Chapter 13: “Properties,” you were introduced to various types of delegated propeties. You can delegate the initialization of a property to another object by using conventions for the getValue() and setValue() functions in a delegate class:
class NameDelegate {
operator fun getValue(thisRef: Any?, property: KProperty<*>): String {
// return existing value
}
operator fun setValue(thisRef: Any?, property: KProperty<*>, value: String) {
// set received value
}
}
var name: String by NameDelegate()
Challenges
- Modify the
Employeeclass so that you can add several employees to a department simultaneously using the+operator:
developmentDepartment.hire(Julia + John + Peter)
qaDepartment.hire(Sandra + Thomas + Alice)
hrDepartment.hire(Bernadette + Mark)
Key points
- To use overloaded operators, it’s necessary to follow the specific conventions for the operator.
- Conventions manage multiple features in Kotlin, such as operator overloading, infix functions and delegated properties.
- Operators should always behave predictably; don’t overload operators in a way that makes their behavior unclear for other developers who might use or read your code.
Where to go from here?
In this chapter, you learned how to add custom behaviors to different operators. Now, you’re ready to use them in a real project. Try to replace the routine and repetitive code in your own projects with overloaded operators to make your code more elegant and concise. But don’t forget about predictability and clarity!